Technical Questions

ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.

It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system.

Hubs are specified or operate at Layer1 i.e, the physical layer in the OSI model. Hubs regenerate electrical signals. A hub sends data packets (frames) to all devices on a network, regardless of any MAC addresses contained in the data packet.

in 8085 the interrupts are classified as Hardware and Software interrupts.

The word assurance means ‘guarantee’. So the Quality Assurance Group’s role is to guarantee that the product is of high quality. They examine the overall s/w development process and their responsibility is to create and enforce standards and methods to improve it with the goal of preventing bugs from ever occurring.

Bus Interface Unit and Execution unit, are the two different functional units in 8086.

The basic expansion card types in A+ Hardware certification are ISA and PCI, ISA these can be used only on XT, AT and ATX boards. The industry now considers ISA obsolate.

 I have used following 4 types of Methodologies: 

1. Boundary value analysis   

2. Equivalence partitioning   

3. Error guessing   

4. Cause effect graphing