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Marginal propensity to consume (MPC) in economics is a metric that quantifies induced consumption, the concept that the increase in personal consumer spending (consumption) occurs with an increase in disposable income (income after taxes and transfers).

In the given number puzzle,

Sum of Row 1 = 14

Sum of Row 2 = 23

Sum of Row 3 = 13 + ?

Sum of Column 1 = 16 

Sum of Column 2 = 23 

Sum of Column 3 = 11 + ?

Diagonal 1 sum = 17

Diagonal 2 sum = 14 + ?

From the above analysis,

Sum of Row 2 = Sum of Column 2 = 23

Sum of Row 1 = Sum of Column 3 = 14 = 11 + ?    .............(1)

Sum of Row 3 = Sum of Column 1 = 16 = 13 + ?    .............(2)

Diagonal 1 sum = Diagonal 2 sum = 17 = 14 + ?    .............(3)

Hence,

From (1), (2) & (3)

? = 3

Beta is the measurement of the systematic risk of the market.

Self pollination occurs in the flowers when the pollen grains of the flower falls on the stigma of the same due to wind or insects like moths and bees. This lead to the inbreeding.

The geologic time scale is subdivided into 4 units called Eon, Era, Periods and Epochs.