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A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel.

The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called "triple X"

Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.

The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.

Area of the square = 12×diagonal2=  1/2 * 3.8 * 3.8 = 7.22 sq.m

NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications.

NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.

A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives