Questions

When atoms react they do so in order to reach the lowest energy, which is the most stable. The electrons orbitals will overlap in the way that reduces the energy the most. Orbitals of similar energy will produce the greatest stabilisation.The answer you gave isn't the whole story, it depends what species is reacting with what. The effective nuclear charge on the atom will affect the energy of the valance electrons.

Hence, the reactivity of an atom arises from the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell.

One fathom = 1.8288 meters = 6 feet

A fathom is a unit of length used especially for measuring the depth of water.

Eukaryotic cells all have a nucleus. Eukaryotes are organisms that are multicellular, although there are some examples of single cellular eukaryotes. So eukaryotic cells can be either cell with a nucleus or a eukaryotic organism's cell.

The most important feature to judge whether it has nucleus membrane.

And for other choices, they are the common features of eukaryote and prokaryote.