Questions

The Contingency Fund of India was constituted in 1950, by an act of parliament (Article 267). The Fund has been placed at the disposal of the president, who can make advances out of the Fund to meet unforeseen expenditure. The expenses must be subsequently authorised by Union Parliament (Articles 115, 116) and recovered through additional, supplementary or excess grants.

India is a land of rivers. Rivers are generally treated as mothers and almost every major river of India has a legend regarding its origin.

The Ganges or Ganga is the longest river of India, if we consider the total distance covered by a river within India. Two major rivers of the Indian subcontinent – Brahmaputra and Indus – are though longer than the Ganges, but the distances these two rivers cover within India are much shorter than that of the Ganges.

The Ganges is the most sacred river to the Hindus. The Ganges originates from Gangotri Glacier (Uttarakhand). The total length that the Ganges covers during its journey is 2,525 kilometers (1569 miles) before it discharges in the Bay of Bengal.

The Godavari, also known as 'Dakshin Ganga' – the South Ganges, is the second longest river of India. It originates from Triambakeshwar, Nasik (Maharashtra), and travels through Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, before discharging into Bay of Bengal.

Here the most stable carbocation is the option (2).

Carbocations are always hungry for electrons. The stability of carbocations increases from primary to secondary to tertiary. Here, option (c) shows the most stable carbocation because it can easily withdraw electrons from two other carbon atoms and the more electronegative oxygen atom.

Carbocation stability depends on hyperconjugation. The tertiary carbocation is stabilized by electron releasing inductive effect.