Questions

ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.

We know that, preceeded means to come before. 

Hence, the given sentence, preceded in death means that person had died before this person.

For example :: Rahul preceeded Ravi in death, means Rahul died before Ravi.

Pinctada vulgaris is a bivalve from which pearl is obtained.

Black  surfaces are good emitters of heat ( They are also good absorbers of heat). If the black surface is rough too, the emitting will be better. So (b) is the correct answer. Shining surfaces reflect back radiation. So if the black surface is also shining the effectiveness of emitting heat is lessened.