Questions

Random mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation. Mutations are likely to be rare and most mutations are neutral or deleterious, but in some instances, the new alleles can be favored by natural selection. Polyploidy is an example of chromosomal mutation.

Mutations are changes in the DNA. A single mutation can have a large effect.

1) mutation - an alteration in DNA sequence, various types

2) intragenic recombination - results in entirely new associations of genes not present in either parental genome.

Two forms of intragenic recombination:

a) crossing over
b) independent assortment
3) reticulation – acquisition of genetic material from unrelated or relatively unrelated sources (e.g., hybrid species, horizontal gene transfer).

312-Article of the Indian Constitution deals with the creation of All India Services.

The physical components of a computer are referred to as Hardware of the computer. 

The hardware components of the computer includes :

• Processor.
• Main memory.
• Secondary memory.
• Input devices.
• Output devices.

Founded in 1912, the Kuomintangis the oldest still active political party in the Chinese-speaking world.Its main leader was Sun Yat-Sen. He divided the livelihood into four parts: clothing, food, housing and transportation.

The word assurance means ‘guarantee’. So the Quality Assurance Group’s role is to guarantee that the product is of high quality. They examine the overall s/w development process and their responsibility is to create and enforce standards and methods to improve it with the goal of preventing bugs from ever occurring.

The number of bonds between a pair of atoms is called the bond order.

Bond orders can be calculated from Lewis structures, which are the heart of the valence-bond model. Oxygen, for example, has a bond order of two.

When there is more than one Lewis structure for a molecule, the bond order is an average of these structures. The bond order in sulfur dioxide, for example, is 1.5  the average of an S-O single bond in one Lewis structure and an S=O double bond in the other.

In molecular orbital theory, we calculate bond orders by assuming that two electrons in a bonding molecular orbital contribute one net bond and that two electrons in an antibonding molecular orbital cancel the effect of one bond. We can calculate the bond order in the O₂ molecule by noting that there are eight valence electrons in bonding molecular orbitals and four valence electrons in antibonding molecular orbitals in the electron configuration of this molecule. Thus, the bond order is two.