Questions

8 S on SS means 8 Sides on a Stop Sign.

This is one type of Letter Equations which are well known phrases or facts where the key words have been replaced with the first letter of that word. These are often in the form of an equation, which contain a number, an = sign and the rest of the obscured phrase or fact.

Some more of them are ::

90 D in a RA

26 L of the A 

12 S of the Z.

Genetic alteration probably refers to altering Genes found on chromosomes.

Genetic alteration refers to altering DNA sequence. Gene alteration forms genetically modified products that modifies the gene sequence.

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

Computer Architecture refers to how a computer system is designed and what technologies it is compatible with. In brief, Computer architecture is a specification detailing how a set of software and hardware technology standards interact to form a computer system or platform.  

The Von Neumann Architecture, which is also known as the Von Neumann Model and Princeton architecture, is a computer architecture based on the 1945 description of computer by the mathematician and physicist John von Neumann.