Questions

Heritable variation is one of the four most important factors that affect whether natural selection can occur. These factors include

1) Heritable variation

2) Descent with modification

3) Struggle for survival, and necessarily if the others are satisfied

4) Survival of the fittest.

Heritable variation allows for possibly beneficial, negative, or even neutral mutations to get filtered during each generation by natural selection--weeding out negative mutations, passing on positive and neutral ones. Without heritable variation, species would quickly fall victim to parasites who take advantage of identical genetic material in a population and evolution would not occur.

Variation is the raw material of evolution.

The ball with which Table Tennis is played is called Ping Pong Ball.

According to the International rules, the diameter of the ping pong ball must be not less than 39.5 millimeters and not greater than 40.5  millimeters having a mass of 2.7 grams.

Edward Thorndike (1874 - 1949) is famous in psychology for his work on learning theory that lead to the development of operant conditioning within behaviorism.

Thorndike (1898) studied learning in animals (usually cats). He devised a classic experiment in which he used a puzzle box to empirically test the laws of learning.

Initiation is the first step in the scope management process, and expert judgment is one of the techniques routinely utilized. Answers A, B, and D are incorrect because they would come after the initiation process.