prp  qrp  prr  pqr  qrp  rpr  qqr  rpr  qpr  qrr qpr  qpr

If every third letter starting from the left is replaced by a number beginning with 1 then which letter/ number will be 16th from the right?

Two series alternate here, with every third number following a different pattern.
In the main series, 4 is added to each number to arrive the next.
In alternate series, 5 is subtracted from each number t arrive the next number.
Here in the main series
3 + 4 = 7
7 + 4 = 11
11 + 4 = 15
15 + 4 = 19

In alternate series
24 - 5 = 19
19 - 5 = 14...

The pattern 'mpon' is repeated.

The series rtus/rtus/rtus/rtus. Thus, the pattern 'rtus' is repeated.

The pattern follows the palindrome sequence.

Here the digits 0 1 4 7 8 5 8 3 6 9    9 6 3 8 5 8 7 4 1 0   0 1 4 7 ...

So the next digit in the sequence is 1.

By trial and error method from the given options,

'1' satisfies the above given equation.

Given series is 372, 823, 644, 582, 46?, 8?7

Here the series follow the rule that :
372 = 3+7+2 = 12
823 = 8+2+3 = 13
644 = 6+4+4 = 14
582 = 5+8+2 = 15
46? = 4+6+? = 16 => ? = 6
8?7 = 8+?+7 = 17 => ? = 2

So the missing numbers are 6 and 2

The given series follows the rule,
+(5x1), +(5x2), +(5x3), +(5x4), +(5x5),....

So starting from 37, 37 + 5 = 42, 42 + 10 = 52, 52 + 15 = 67, 67 + 20 = 87,...
So wrong number is 47 which is to be 42.

The given series follows the rule,
+(11x1), +(11x3), +(11x5), +(11x7), +(11x9),....

So starting from 7, 7 + 11 = 18, 18 + 33 = 51, 51 + 55 = 106, ...
So wrong number is 40 which is to be 51.