How do you detect if two 8-bit signals are same? 

IPV4 Internet Protocol Version 4 has 32 bits of address.

VOIP is an acronym for Voice Over Internet Protocol, or in more common terms phone service over the Internet.

Voice over Internet Protocol is a category of hardware and software that enables people to use the Internet as the transmission medium for telephone calls by sending voice data in packets using IP rather than by traditional circuit transmissions of the PSTN.

Here in the given options, Skype is the only voice service that enables us to talk over internet.

There are situations, called hazards, that prevent the next insturction in the instruction stream from executing during its designated clock cycle. hazards reduce the performance from the ideal speedup gained by pipelining.

There are three classes of Hazards:

1. Structural hazards: It arise from resource conficts when the hardware cannot support all possible combinations of instructions simultaniously in overlapped execution.

2. Data Hazards: It arise when an instruction depends on the results of previous instruction in a way that is exposed by the overlapping of instructions in the pipeline.

3.control hazards. it arise from the pipelining of branches and other instructions that chage the PC.

The MESI protocol is also known as illinois protocol due to its development the University of illinois at Urbana-Champaign and MESI is a widely used cache coherency and memory coherence protocol.

MESI is the most common which supports write-back cache. its use in personal computers became widespread with the introduction of intel's pentium processor to "support the more efficient write-back cache in addition to the write-through cache previously used by the Intel 486 processor"/

1. Address lines to refer to the address of a block

2. Data lines for data transfer

3. IC chips

4. Processing data

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