What are the purposes of areas in an OSPF network? 

Intra-area, inter area, El, E2, Nl, and N2.

RIP version 1 and IGRP are classful protocols and do not advertise subnet mask information. RIP version 2 has a limited network diameter of 15 hops. EIGRP, OSPF, and IS-IS use computational intensive algorithms for determining a shortest path. BGP relies on simple techniques for best path selection and loop detection, and can handle the number of network prefixes required for Internet routing.

Unicast IP packets are forwarded based on the destination IP address. Multicast packets are forward based on the source IP address. If a multicast packet is received on the interface used to send a unicast packet back to the source, the multicast packet is forwarded to multicast neighbors. If the multicast packet is received on an interface that would not be used to send a unicast IP packet back to the source, the packet is discarded.

BGP checks the NEXT_HOP attribute to determine if the NEXT_HOP is accessible or in the IP routing table.

If a router has more than one route to the same IP prefix, the best path is the one with the highest LOCAL_PREF (assuming the WEIGHT attribute for the routes is equal).

If a router has more than one route to the same IP prefix, the best path is the one with the shortest AS_PATH (assuming other BGP attributes are equal).

By default, all routes are advertised into all OSPF areas. This includes interarea OSPF routes and external routes that have been injected into OSPF. By default, IS-IS does not advertise interarea or external routes into an area, but injects a default route.

The loopback address written in dotted decimal and using three digits for each byte has a value of 135.077.009.254. The system ID is 13.50.77.00.92.54.