Which are the special proteins in muscles that contract and relax to cause movement?

 

DNA is a very long chain polymer made up of thousands of repeating units called nucleotides.

Nucleotide Unit is composed of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

The sides of the DNA ladder are made up of alternating deoxyribose sugar -- phosphate group units.

Random mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation. Mutations are likely to be rare and most mutations are neutral or deleterious, but in some instances, the new alleles can be favored by natural selection. Polyploidy is an example of chromosomal mutation.

Mutations are changes in the DNA. A single mutation can have a large effect.

1) mutation - an alteration in DNA sequence, various types

2) intragenic recombination - results in entirely new associations of genes not present in either parental genome.

Two forms of intragenic recombination:

a) crossing over
b) independent assortment
3) reticulation – acquisition of genetic material from unrelated or relatively unrelated sources (e.g., hybrid species, horizontal gene transfer).

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled, such as you, me, plants, fungi, and insects.

Whereas Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle. Bacteria are an example of prokaryotes.

Yeast belongs to members of the Kingdom Fungi.

Yeast are single-celled microorganisms that are classified, along with molds and mushrooms in Fungi family. 

Yeasts are evolutionally diverse and are therefore classified into two separate phyla, Ascomycota or sac fungi and Basidiomycota or higher fungi, that together form the subkingdom Dikarya.

There are two kingdoms of bacteria. They are

1. Eubacteria  and 

2. Archaea

The members of these two kingdoms appear similar in shape and appearance, even under the extreme magnification of the electron microscope . However, they are very different from each other in a number of molecular and biochemical aspects. It is these differences that have resulted in the microorganisms being grouped into separate kingdoms.

For example, eubacteria contain the rigid, stress-bearing network known as the peptidoglycan . The only exceptions are the bacteria from the genera Mycoplasma and Chlamydia. Archaebacteria do not contain peptidoglycan. Instead, they contain a different structure that is called pseudomurein.

The common bacteria belongs to Eubacteria kingdom.

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration. This process breaks down glucose into two pyruvic acids, and produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH. 

In eukaryotic cells, glycolysis and fermentation reactions occur in the cytoplasm.

Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals and humans which is analogous to the starch in plants. Glycogen is synthesized and stored mainly in the liver and the muscles.